Substantive democracy is a type of democracy that goes beyond the formal procedures of elections and representation. In substantive democracy, the emphasis is on ensuring that citizens have a real and meaningful say in decisions that affect their lives. This involves ensuring not only the right to vote but also access to information, participation in public debate, and the ability to hold elected officials accountable. Substantive democracy places a high value on civil liberties, free speech, and press freedom, as well as the protection of minority rights. This approach to democracy is often contrasted with procedural democracy, which focuses more on the mechanics of electoral procedures and may not guarantee that citizens have a genuine say in decision-making. However, some argue that substantive democracy can be challenging to achieve in practice, especially in countries with high levels of inequality or political polarization.
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