The nineteenth century in India witnessed the emergence of various reform movements driven by social, religious, and political factors.
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These movements aimed to address social injustices, challenge oppressive customs, and promote modernization. One notable reform movement was the Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, which sought to reform Hindu society and promote the concept of monotheism. Another significant movement was the Arya Samaj, led by Swami Dayananda Saraswati, which aimed to revive Vedic teachings and combat social evils. The Aligarh Movement, spearheaded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, focused on educational reforms and advocated for a modern, rational approach to Islam. These reform movements played a pivotal role in challenging orthodox practices, advocating for social equality, and paving the way for a more inclusive and progressive society in India.