M.P. Follett proposed four bases of integration in organizations in her book “Dynamic Administration” published in 1941. The first base is coordination by direct contact, where individuals or groups come together to work on a common task through face-to-face communication. The second is coordination by integrating roles, where roles and responsibilities are assigned to complement …

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Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, was an ancient Indian philosopher and advisor to Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his seminal work “Arthashastra,” Kautilya discussed various topics related to governance, economics, and diplomacy. One of the key themes in his writing is the concept of authority and accountability in governance. Kautilya believed that the ruler or king …

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Dwight Waldo was a renowned scholar who made significant contributions to the field of Public Administration. His views on Public Administration have had a profound impact on the discipline and continue to be influential today. Waldo’s emphasis on the need for administrative ethics was one of his key contributions to the field. He believed that …

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Elton Mayo, an Australian psychologist, conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne Works, a factory owned by Western Electric near Chicago during the 1920s and 1930s. These experiments, commonly known as the Hawthorne Studies, aimed to investigate the relationship between working conditions and worker productivity and morale. During the first phase of the experiment, …

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Max Weber, a renowned German sociologist, economist, and philosopher, identified three distinct types of authority in his work titled “Politics as a Vocation”. These types of authority are traditional authority, charismatic authority, and legal-rational authority. Traditional authority is founded on customs and traditions that have existed for a long time. It is typically associated with …

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Peter Drucker (1909-2005) was a prominent management consultant, author, and educator who has been widely regarded as the father of modern management. He made numerous contributions to the field of management that have had a lasting impact on the way organizations are run and managed today. One of Drucker’s most significant contributions to management was …

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Woodrow Wilson was a significant figure in the development of public administration as an academic discipline. As the 28th President of the United States, he is credited with revolutionizing the concept of public administration, laying the foundation for the modern administrative state, and promoting the idea of a merit-based, professional civil service. Wilson’s ideas on …

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“Gender of governance” and “governance of gender” are two related but distinct concepts in the field of governance and gender studies. The former refers to the recognition that gender identities and norms play a role in shaping the exercise of political power and the development and implementation of policies. In other words, it highlights the …

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Governance is the way in which a society or organization makes and carries out decisions through its processes, systems, and structures. It involves mechanisms that ensure accountability, transparency, participation, and the rule of law. Governance comprises both formal government institutions and informal societal norms and practices that shape behavior. Good governance, in contrast, is a …

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David Easton was a prominent political scientist who contributed significantly to the field of public policy. He developed a unique and influential systems approach to understanding public policy. Easton’s approach suggested that public policy is a process that involves various stages and elements. According to his theory, the public policy process includes inputs, throughput, and …

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