Humayun, the second Mughal emperor who ruled India from 1530 to 1540 and from 1555 to 1556, faced a significant challenge from the Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri during his reign. Sher Shah Suri overthrew Humayun in 1540 and established the Sur dynasty. Humayun went into exile in Persia, where he received support from the Safavid dynasty. He regained his throne in 1555 with the help of the Safavids. Humayun’s defeat by the Afghans can be attributed to his military weakness and lack of political support from his nobles, who were dissatisfied with his rule. On the other hand, Sher Shah Suri was a skilled administrator and military commander who introduced many reforms to improve governance and infrastructure in his kingdom. Humayun’s defeat marked a turning point in Mughal history and led to the decline of the dynasty, which was later revived by his son Akbar.
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