The evolution of local government in pre-independence India unfolded through various historical developments. In ancient times, local self-government was evident in the form of village panchayats, autonomous bodies responsible for local administration and dispute resolution.
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The Mauryan and Gupta periods witnessed the establishment of larger administrative units and the emergence of urban self-government through municipal bodies.
Under British colonial rule, the local government system experienced significant changes. The British introduced local self-government in the form of municipalities and district boards, primarily for their administrative convenience. Key milestones during this period include the Bengal Municipal Act of 1864 and the Madras District Municipalities Act of 1865.
However, the local government system during this era lacked popular participation and decision-making power. It was primarily elitist, with limited representation from the masses. The foundation of democratic decentralization was laid with the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, which allowed for the election of some members in urban local bodies.
Overall, the pre-independence period witnessed a gradual evolution of local government structures. However, it was only after independence that a comprehensive framework was established with the adoption of the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution. These amendments provided constitutional recognition and strengthened local self-government in rural and urban areas, respectively.