The judicial system in India is an integral part of the country’s democratic framework and operates on a hierarchical structure.
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It serves as a fundamental pillar in upholding the rule of law and ensuring the administration of justice.
At the apex of the Indian judicial system stands the Supreme Court, which holds the highest authority in the country. The Supreme Court of India holds authority over both original and appellate jurisdiction. While it has original jurisdiction in certain matters, its primary role is to hear appeals from the High Courts and other subordinate courts.
Each state in India has its own High Court, functioning as the highest judicial authority at the state level. The High Courts possess original jurisdiction over specific cases and also serve as appellate courts for matters originating from lower courts within their respective states.
Below the High Courts, District Courts or Sessions Courts are established in each district across the country. These courts have jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases within their defined territories. District Courts are presided over by judges who are appointed by the respective state governments.
In addition to the hierarchical structure, India has specialized courts and tribunals that handle specific areas of law such as labor disputes, tax matters, consumer disputes, and administrative issues. Examples of such bodies include the National Green Tribunal, National Company Law Tribunal, and various labor courts and industrial tribunals.
The Indian judicial system is built upon the principles of independence, impartiality, and fairness. The Constitution of India guarantees the independence of the judiciary, and judges are appointed by the President of India after consulting with the Chief Justice of India and other senior judges.
The judicial system plays a crucial role in protecting the rights and freedoms of Indian citizens, ensuring access to justice, and resolving disputes in a just and equitable manner. However, it faces challenges such as a backlog of pending cases, delays in delivering justice, and the ongoing need for reforms to address these issues.