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Elton Mayo, an Australian psychologist, conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne Works, a factory owned by Western Electric near Chicago during the 1920s and 1930s. These experiments, commonly known as the Hawthorne Studies, aimed to investigate the relationship between working conditions and worker productivity and morale. During the first phase of the experiment, …

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Max Weber, a renowned German sociologist, economist, and philosopher, identified three distinct types of authority in his work titled “Politics as a Vocation”. These types of authority are traditional authority, charismatic authority, and legal-rational authority. Traditional authority is founded on customs and traditions that have existed for a long time. It is typically associated with …

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Peter Drucker (1909-2005) was a prominent management consultant, author, and educator who has been widely regarded as the father of modern management. He made numerous contributions to the field of management that have had a lasting impact on the way organizations are run and managed today. One of Drucker’s most significant contributions to management was …

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Woodrow Wilson was a significant figure in the development of public administration as an academic discipline. As the 28th President of the United States, he is credited with revolutionizing the concept of public administration, laying the foundation for the modern administrative state, and promoting the idea of a merit-based, professional civil service. Wilson’s ideas on …

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“Gender of governance” and “governance of gender” are two related but distinct concepts in the field of governance and gender studies. The former refers to the recognition that gender identities and norms play a role in shaping the exercise of political power and the development and implementation of policies. In other words, it highlights the …

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Governance is the way in which a society or organization makes and carries out decisions through its processes, systems, and structures. It involves mechanisms that ensure accountability, transparency, participation, and the rule of law. Governance comprises both formal government institutions and informal societal norms and practices that shape behavior. Good governance, in contrast, is a …

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David Easton was a prominent political scientist who contributed significantly to the field of public policy. He developed a unique and influential systems approach to understanding public policy. Easton’s approach suggested that public policy is a process that involves various stages and elements. According to his theory, the public policy process includes inputs, throughput, and …

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Organizational equilibrium refers to a state of balance and stability within an organization, where its various components such as resources, people, culture, and goals are aligned and working in harmony to ensure effective and efficient functioning. Achieving organizational equilibrium requires constant adaptation and adjustment to the internal and external environment. The organization must be able …

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Programmed decisions and non-programmed decisions are two types of decision-making processes that organizations use to solve problems or make choices. Programmed decisions are routine and repetitive decisions made according to a predetermined set of rules or procedures. Such decisions usually arise in response to standardized situations that occur frequently and can be resolved easily by …

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New Public Management (NPM) is a conceptual framework that originated in the 1980s as a solution to the perceived inefficiencies of traditional bureaucratic systems of public administration. The framework aimed to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and responsiveness of the public sector by borrowing private sector management practices. The NPM framework is centered around results-based management, …

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