Define natural calamities and its types with suitable examples.

Natural calamities are disastrous events that occur due to natural phenomena and can lead to widespread devastation and loss of life. These calamities can occur suddenly or develop over time and have the potential to cause significant damage to the environment, infrastructure, and human populations. Some common types of natural calamities are:

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  1. Earthquakes – A sudden and violent shaking of the earth’s surface caused by the movement of tectonic plates. A good example is the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, which had a magnitude of 9.0 and resulted in a deadly tsunami that claimed over 15,000 lives.
  2. Volcanic eruptions – An explosive release of lava, ash, and gases from a volcano. A notable example is the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, which caused widespread destruction and resulted in over 800 fatalities.
  3. Hurricanes – Large and powerful storms that form over warm ocean waters and can cause high winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges. Hurricane Katrina, which hit the Gulf Coast of the United States in 2005, caused over $100 billion in damages and resulted in more than 1,800 deaths.
  4. Floods – An overflow of water onto normally dry land caused by heavy rainfall or the rapid melting of snow and ice. The 2010 Pakistan floods, triggered by heavy monsoon rains, affected over 20 million people and caused significant damage to infrastructure and crops.
  5. Tsunamis – Large ocean waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides underwater. A severe example is the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, triggered by a massive earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, which resulted in over 230,000 deaths and caused widespread devastation throughout the region.

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