Ecological succession refers to the natural process by which a disturbed or barren ecosystem gradually develops into a mature and stable one over time. It involves changes in the species composition and community structure of an ecosystem due to natural disturbances such as fires, floods, or human activities.
There are two main types of ecological succession: primary and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in areas where there is no pre-existing soil, such as on newly formed volcanic islands or after a glacier retreats. In primary succession, pioneer species such as lichens and mosses are the first to colonize the area, gradually building up soil and allowing other plant species to take root and grow.
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On the other hand, secondary succession occurs in areas where soil already exists, but the ecosystem has been disturbed, such as after a forest fire or clear-cutting. In secondary succession, the process is faster and often starts with herbaceous plants, followed by the growth of shrubs and then trees.
A suitable diagram for primary succession would show the colonization of barren land by pioneer species, and the gradual accumulation of soil over time, leading to the establishment of other plant species. In contrast, a diagram for secondary succession would illustrate the initial colonization by herbaceous plants, followed by the growth of shrubs and trees, resulting in the restoration of a mature ecosystem.