Ryotwari settlement is a system of land revenue collection and tenure that was introduced by the British in India during the colonial period. This system was initially implemented in the Madras Presidency during the early 19th century and later extended to other regions of India. It replaced the earlier system of revenue collection that involved intermediaries such as zamindars and other local landlords, who often exploited the cultivators. Under the ryotwari system, the government collected revenue directly from the cultivator, also known as the ryot, who was the actual cultivator of the land. The ryot had the right to cultivate and use the land and paid a fixed amount of revenue to the government. Although considered more equitable and transparent than the previous system, the ryotwari system had its drawbacks as cultivators bore the entire burden of revenue and often struggled to pay in times of distress.
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