The Chola dynasty, which ruled southern India from the 9th to the 13th centuries, was renowned for its highly organized and sophisticated administrative system. The Chola administration was structured into multiple levels, each with its own set of officials and responsibilities.
The highest authority in the Chola empire was the king, who oversaw the entire administration. The king was advised by a council of ministers who were in charge of various departments such as finance, justice, and defense.
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The Chola empire was divided into provinces or mandalams, each administered by a governor or mandala-adhipathi. These governors were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and supervising the activities of local officials.
The provinces were further divided into districts or valanadus, each governed by a district official or valanadu-nayaka. These officials were responsible for collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, and overseeing the activities of local officials.
The smallest administrative unit was the village or grama, governed by a village headman or grama-bhojaka. These officials were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing day-to-day activities.
The Chola administration was known for its efficient revenue system, which collected taxes in the form of land revenue, custom duties, and taxes on trade and commerce. The revenue collected was used to finance the administration, maintain the army, and fund public works such as irrigation systems, temples, and roads.
The Chola administration was also known for its effective justice system, in which the king was the ultimate judge assisted by a council of judges. The judges were well-versed in the laws of the land and were responsible for hearing cases and delivering justice.
In conclusion, the Chola administration was a highly organized and efficient system that contributed to maintaining law and order, promoting trade and commerce, and fostering economic growth in the region.